RECOMMENDATIONS AND REFERENCES

The Tobacco Control Scale 2010 in Europe

On the basis of our results and the discussion above we have six recommendations for implementation by 2015.

  1. Tobacco control programmes should be comprehensive and should include at least the six measures described in the introduction. A comprehensive tobacco control policy is an obligation under Article 4 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC).
  2. Countries should spend a minimum of €2 per capita per year on tobacco control.
  3. Countries should introduce comprehensive smoke-free legislation in line with the guidelines on Article 8 of the WHO FCTC. It should include a total ban on smoking in work and public places, including bars, restaurants, health and educational facilities, and public transport (without exceptions and without smoking rooms).
  4. Regular increases in tobacco taxes should be policy at EU and member state level.
  5. Large (80%) mandatory picture warnings at the front and back of all tobacco products in combination with standardised/plain packaging,
  6. Countries should address tobacco industry interference in public health policies in accordance with the guidelines on article 5.3 of the WHO FCTC.

Acknowledgements This project received financial support from the Swiss Cancer League, to whom we are extremely grateful. We warmly thank the panel of experts and ENSP correspondents for their crucial contribution to the project and the ENSP for the printing of the report, presented at the 4th European Conference Tobacco or Health in Basel, October 2007.

References

  • Joossens L. Effective tobacco control policies in 28 European countries. Brussels, European Network for Smoking Prevention, 2004

  • European Commission. Excise duty tables. Ref 1.031. Directorate General Taxation and Customs Union Tax Policy, Brussels, July 2010.

  • Commission of the European Communities. Report on the implementation of the Tobacco Advertising Directive. Brussels, 25 May 2008.

  • World Health Organization. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2009.

  • European Network on Smoking and Tobacco Prevention. Implementation of EU ad ban directives, status in April 2009. Brussels, European Network on Smoking and Tobacco Prevention, 2009.

  • European Network on Smoking and Tobacco Prevention. European trends towards smoke-free provisions. Brussels, European Network on Smoking Prevention, January 2011.

  • European Commission. Implementation of smoke-free laws in the EU. Brussels, May 2010.
  • Canadian Cancer Society. Cigarette package health warnings, International status report. Ottawa, Canadian Cancer Society, November 2010.

  • Bridgehead International, EQUIPP: Europe Quitting-Progress and Pathways, London, 2011

  • Martínez-Sánchez JM, Fernández E, Fu M, Gallus S, Martínez C, et al. 2010 Smoking Behaviour, Involuntary Smoking, Attitudes towards Smoke-Free Legislations, and Tobacco Control Activities in the European Union. PLoS ONE 5(11): e13881. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013881

  • Schaap MM, Kunst AE, Leinsalu M, Regidor E, Ekholm O, et al. Effect of nationwide tobacco control policies on smoking cessation in high and low educated groups in 18 European countries. Tobacco Control 2008;17: 248–55

  • Hublet A, Schmid H, Clays E, Godeau E, Gabhainn SN, et al. Association between tobacco control policies and smoking behaviour among adolescents in 29 European countries. Addiction 2009;104: 1918–26.

  • Tual S, Piau J-P, Jarvis M, Dautzenberg B, Annesi-Maesano I. Impact of tobacco control policies on exhaled carbon monoxide in non-smokers. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2010;64: 554-556

  • Anonymous. Coming of Age. Tobacco Reporter, pp 74-78, September 2010.
  • Morgan Stanley. Tobacco. Late to the party. 30 January 2007.
  • Wakefield M, Germain D, Durkin S. How does increasingly plainer cigarette packaging influence adult smokers' perceptions about brand image? An experimental study. Tobacco Control 2008; 17: 416-421.

  • Van Hal G et al. Which incentives make adolescents choose plain or ordinary cigarette packages? Antwerp, University of Antwerp, 2010.

  • Moodie C, Hastings GB. Plain packaging: a time for action. European Journal of Public Health 2010; 20:10-11.

  • Gallopel-Morvan et al. L’impact des paquets génériques et des avertissements sanitaires sur les Français – résultats des études qualitatives et quantitatives. Rapport pour L’Institut National du Cancer, 2009.

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